文章分類


有關阿原記事本

阿原,江易原,記下一些事情跟朋友們分享,也留下自己學習與成長的紀錄。教學課程請見 "阿原小站" 還有阿原開放式課程阿原直播與教學影片阿原生活影片阿原創新顧問公司阿原科幻小說-NC1543、教師教學社團:開源軟體與教學應用
版權:除特別聲明外,本網站之照片及文字等,皆為版權沒有 (public domain, Creative Commons Zero),歡迎使用
*本站累積不少教學與食品安全資料,請善用左上角的網頁搜尋功能,或是網頁右方文章分類整理。

2025/05/19

20250519 Statistics class assignment: Example 9.3.1 two samples t-test


 

 Source:

 9.3: Independent Samples for Two Means

  • Kathryn Kozak
  • Coconino Community College
  •  Example 9.3.1 hypothesis test for two means

     

     Calculated by using google sheet

    Cholesterol Level of Heart Attack Patients
    Cholesterol Level of Healthy Individual
    270196
    236232
    210200
    142242
    280206
    272178
    160184
    220198
    226160
    242182
    186182
    266198
    206182
    318238
    294198
    282188
    234166
    224204
    276182
    282178
    360212
    310164
    280230
    278186
    288162
    288182
    244218
    236170

    200

    176


    Mean, x1-barMean, x2-bar
    253.9285714193.1333333
    s1: sample SDs2: sample SD
    47.7104915622.30004381
    n1 n2
    2830

    -------------------------------

     Using an online application: 

     

    Mann Whitney U test calculator (Wilcoxon rank-sum)

     


     

     

    1. H0 hypothesis
    Since p-value < α, H0 is rejected.
    The randomly selected value of Group1's population is considered to be not equal to the randomly selected value of Group2's population.

    In other words, the difference between the randomly selected value of Group1 and the Group2 populations is big enough to be statistically significant.

    2. P-value
    The p-value equals 0.000001057, ( p(x≤Z) = 1 ). It means that the chance of type I error (rejecting a correct H0) is small: 0.000001057 (0.00011%).
    The smaller the p-value the more it supports H1.

    3. The statistics
    The test statistic Z equals 4.8808, which is not in the 99% region of acceptance: [-2.5758 : 2.5758].
    U=734, is not in the 99% region of acceptance: [254.5507 : 585.4493].

    4. Effect size
    The observed standardized effect size, Z/√(n1+n2), is large (0.64). That indicates that the magnitude of the difference between the value from Group1 and the value from Group2 is large.
    The observed common language effect size, U1/(n1n2), is 0.87, this is the probability that a random value from Group1 is greater than a random value from Group2.
    If you like the page, please share or like. Questions, comments and suggestions are appreciated. (statskingdom@gmail.com)

     ================================================

     

    The same source

    Example 9.3.3 hypothesis test for two means

     

    Sodium in Beef Hotdogs
    Sodium in Poultry Hotdogs
    495430
    477375
    425396
    322383
    482387
    587542
    370359
    322357
    479528
    375513
    330426
    300513
    386358
    401581
    645588
    440522
    317545
    319430
    298375
    253396

     

    This time, we use 

     https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/ttest2/

     To run unpaired t-test

     


     

    P value and statistical significance:
    The two-tailed P value equals 0.1015
    By conventional criteria, this difference is considered to be not statistically significant.
    Confidence interval:
    The mean of Group One minus Group Two equals -49.05
    95% confidence interval of this difference: From -108.21 to 10.11
    Intermediate values used in calculations:
    t = 1.6783
    df = 38

    standard error of difference = 29.226
    Review your data:
    Group
    Mean
    SD
    SEM
    N
    Group One
    401.15
    102.43

    22.91
    20    
    Group Two
    450.20
    81.18

    18.15
    20    

     -----------conclusion

     p-value > alpha   (fail to reject Ho)

    In other words, there is no evidence to show that the sodium in beef hotdogs is less than poultry hotdogs

     

     

     

    2025/05/10

    20250516 TQF 台北 HACCP 進階班

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    11111111111111111111111111111111

    11111111111111111111111111111111 

    11111111111111111111111111111111

    11111111111111111111111111111111

    11111111111111111111111111111111 

    11111111111111111111111111111111

    11111111111111111111111111111111

     

     

     

    20250510 今天才知道 YouTube 一個播放清單只能有 200 個影片

     


     

     


     於是拆散到不同的播放清單---

     

     

    2025/05/06

    網路影片:拆大包裝的麵粉或米的技巧

     

     

     

     YouTube

    拆米袋或面粉袋封口线不用剪刀?教你一句口诀,一秒钟一拉到底

    (大陸)

     大包裝"編織袋"拆線教學

     (台灣品牌米)

     

     

    Facebook

    #如何開麵粉袋

     (台灣品牌麵粉)

     

     

    CNS 967 食品罐頭檢驗法-總則 CNS 969 N6013 食品罐頭檢驗法-罐外觀檢查 FDA BAM Chapter 21A: Examination of Canned Foods

     

    CNS 822   N5011
  • 鳳梨罐頭
  • Canned pineapple
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:101/07/02


    CNS 827   Z5007
  • 食品罐頭用圓形金屬空罐
  • Hermetically sealed round metal cans for food and drink
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:103/10/02



    CNS 967   N6011
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-總則
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-General Rules
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30

    CNS 968   N6012
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法–包裝檢查
  • Method of Test for Canned Food:Packaging Inspection
  • 狀態:廢止
    廢止日期:086/02/03

    CNS 969   N6013
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-罐外觀檢查-----可能是食品檢驗丙級的參考依據    
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Appearance of Can
  •  
    狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30----2050506 檢查,真的沒有更新的版本
     




    CNS 970   N6014
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-取樣
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Sampling
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30


    CNS 971   N6015
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-真空度之測定
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Determimation for Degree of Vaccum
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30



    CNS 973   N6017
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-罐內壁檢查
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Inspection for Interior of Can
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30


    CNS 974   N6018
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-裝量測定
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Determination of Net Weight and Drain Weight
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30


    CNS 975   N6019
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-填充汁之測定
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Determination of Optional Ingredients
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30






    CNS 978   N6022
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-風味之檢查
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Inspection for Flavor and Odor
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30


    CNS 979   N6023
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-異物之檢查
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Inspection for Extraneous Matters
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:085/12/30

     





    CNS 1161   Z5011
  • 食品罐頭用瓦楞紙箱
  • Corrugated Paperboard Containers for Packing of Canned Food
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:077/12/15

     

    CNS 3347   Z6014
  • 罐頭食品空罐內容量之測定
  • Determination of capacity for canned food on empty cans
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:088/01/25
    版本:中文版
    CNS 11867   N6205
  • 食品罐頭檢驗法-檢漏試驗
  • Method of Test for Canned Food-Leaking Test
  • 狀態:現行標準
    最新日期:086/02/03

      -------------------------------------------------------

     FAO/Codex 的罐頭檢查,沒有跳罐,  AOAC 沒有(AOAC Can defects),USDA 沒有 (USDA Module 16. Closures for Metal Containers),所以,台灣 CNS 罐頭檢查,不是抄這兩個
    終於查到,可能是簡化自
    FDA  Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)  
    https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bacteriological-analytical-manual-bam

    BAM Chapter 21A: Examination of Canned Foods (引用的文件是 2001 年版,至今沒有修正)
    https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-21a-examination-canned-foods

      BAM Chapter 21A: Examination of Canned Foods

     

     

     


     3.1 膨罐:我可以從空罐去敲(空罐就是倒出內容物後洗乾淨)
    3.2 彈性罐:這我無法準備--只能給 CNS 標準
    3.3 急跳罐:這我無法準備--只能給 CNS 標準
    3.4 重凹罐:自己敲到變形
    3.5.1 污罐:不難
    3.5.2 銹罐:不難--滴少量鹽酸
    3.6 穿孔:預計使用空罐,內部磨掉鍍錫,內部滴加鹽酸,從裡面繡到外面

     罐頭真空計
    產品編號:OT-A-1154
    中文名稱:罐頭真空計
    英文名稱:Vacuum Gauge

    $2,100
    https://www.shimada.com.tw/h/ProductDetail?key=7y0jp&productId=3059

     



     Metal can defects: identification and classification

    把加拿大罐頭瑕疵使用網頁翻譯,很適合給學生閱讀

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    2025/05/05

    20250505 意外發現,原來上傳影片到 YouTube, 可以一次拉多個影片---似乎依照檔名排序--這樣可以省下很多時間與心思

     

    知道這方法後,減少很多等待時間

     


     


     原來上限 15 個檔案,但是後來發現,把已經上傳完畢的草稿,完成發布,就可以繼續上傳(所以下方可以看到總數 17 個檔案)

     

     


     
    但發現,不能算到  15 個檔案,而是

    Total - uploaded = 14
    例如   23 - 9 = 14  (不能算到 15 個檔案,因為一個正在上傳)

    因為前方準備上傳 7 個檔案,這樣我就可以去睡覺,發現  總數 17 - 已經上傳  =  (就是預計上傳七個) ,  上限  15 個 - 預計七個 7 = 8, 



    20250505 想到,當時白色政黨崛起是選民厭惡兩大黨,那在 2025 罷免之後,是否有機會成立真正理性來監督的第三黨?

    20250505 Statistics: class assignment: Ch 7.3

     

    Statistics with Technology 2e (Kozak) 

  • Kathryn Kozak
  • Coconino Community College
  •   Example 7.3.1 test of the mean using the formula

    158 180 150 137 109
    225 122 138 145 180
    118 118 126 140 165
    150 170 105 154 118

     

    4. Sample Statistic:  (you may use google office to calculate)

     

    =average(A5:E8)

     

    =STDEV.S(A5:E8)