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有關阿原記事本

阿原,江易原,記下一些事情跟朋友們分享,也留下自己學習與成長的紀錄。教學課程請見 "阿原小站" 還有阿原開放式課程阿原直播與教學影片阿原生活影片阿原創新顧問公司阿原科幻小說-NC1543、教師教學社團:開源軟體與教學應用
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*本站累積不少教學與食品安全資料,請善用左上角的網頁搜尋功能,或是網頁右方文章分類整理。

2024/11/30

使用 Chrome google translate, 可以與 OSB 共用麥克風嗎?

 

過去阿原的經驗:

 使用 OBS 錄影,可以與 google meet 共用麥克風,但無法共用webcam. 這次來試試看

 

 

 

2024/11/29

廢止公告指定 CNS 為食品衛生檢驗方法一覽表--20120320--其實後續還有

 

 

 

 廢止公告指定 CNS 為食品衛生檢驗方法一覽表

行政院公報 第 018 卷 第 052 期 20120320 衛生勞動篇

10888 N6184 食品中亞硝酸鹽之檢驗法

行政院衛生署公告
中華民國 101 年 3 月 20 日
署授食字第 1011900233 號
主 旨:預告訂定「食品中亞硝酸鹽之檢驗方法」,為食品衛生管理法所定之食品衛生檢驗方
法。
依 據:行政程序法第一百五十四條第一項。

食品添加物的亞硝酸鹽及硝酸鹽:網路資料整理 Food Additives: nitrite and nitrate

 

 ----20250103 補充-----

 EFSA 2017   Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives

 

COMMISSION DECISION (EU) 2024/1225
of 30 April 2024

concerning national provisions notified by Denmark on the addition of nitrite to certain meat products
(notified under document C(2024) 2669) (Only the Danish text is authentic) 

The amount of nitrite (E249) used in meat is regulated by different countries to ensure consumer safety. In the European Union, the maximum amount of nitrite allowed in cured meat is 150 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). However, some traditional cured meats may have higher levels. For example, Wiltshire bacon and similar products may have a maximum residual level of 175 mg/kg.
 

 

 

 

 2023 News    Banning added Nitrites and Nitrates in food

 

 

 

 

 

 --------20241224 補充--------------

Journal of Food Protection
Volume 36, Issue 10, 1 October 1973, Pages 515-519
Journal of Food Protection
CHANGES IN RESIDUAL NITRITE IN SAUSAGE AND LUNCHEON MEAT PRODUCTS DURING STORAGE

 Kolari and Auman (9) reported that 20-25% of the nitrite has boon estimated rto disappear during mixing of raw meat mixtures. Nordin (10) noted that depletion of nitrite during storage of commercially canned hams has been observed in the industry but
has not been reported. In a study of fresh ground ham, canned by a commercial technique, Nordin (10) found that nitrite was depleted at a rate independent


其引用的   Kolari and Auman (9)  1972  

THE RESIDUAL LEVELS OF NITRITE IN CURED MEAT PRODUCTS

 Current Meat Inspection Regulations (1970) permit the addition of 3 1/2 oz. sodium or potassium nitrate to 100 lb--- 阿原要去計算比例,對比殘留的法規限量---. of meat in dry cure or 2 3/4 oz. to 100 lb. chopped meat. Sodium or potassium nitrite may be added at 1 oz. to 100 lb. meat in dry cure and l/4 oz. to 100 lb. chopped meat and/or meat by-product. The use of nitrites, nitrates, or their combination may not result in more than 200 ppm nitrite in the finished product.

 When used alone, the l/4 oz. of nitrite permitted in 100 lb. chopped meat is equivalent to 156 ppm at time of formulation. The nitrite content of the various cured meat products is often quoted as the amount permitted at the time of formulation. However, the amount of nitrite at time of formulation is vastly reduced by the time the cured meat product is consumed. Furthermore, the amount added is often less than permitted levels (Meat Science Review, 1971).

 The use of sodium nitrite in curing meat was authorized in 1925 by the Bureau of Animal Industry. The first experiments on the use of nitrite in cured products were authorized in January, 1923. In 1926 (Kerr et al.), studies reported by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U S D A in"cooperation with the meat industry demonstrated the advantages of using nitrite versus the older nitrate cure. Typically, the nitrite contents of products cured by the older methods were higher and more variable.

           The Disappearance of Nitrite

 Loss after addition to raw meat. A loss of nitrite upon addition to
ground beef before thermal processing was illustrated in the data of Lewis
(1936). Of 1000 ppm of nitrite of soda added to beef, a range of 66-78% of the
nitrite was recovered. Greenwood (1940) varied this study by adding 2000 ppm
nitrate and 500 ppm nitrite to ground beef; he recovered 250 ppm, a 50% loss
rate. These data are essentially in agreement with the recent data of Green
berg (1972). His data indicated 53-75% recovery of nitrite after formulation
when added to ground raw pork (see following Table).

 

 

 2009, 78 pages.

A National Survey of the Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Cured Meat Products and Non-meat Foods Available at Retail

 

 

 

 The EFSA Journal (2003) 14, 1-31,  The effects of Nitrites/Nitrates on the
Microbiological Safety of Meat Products.

 ---非常詳細

 

 

 

 

--------20241222 補充--------------



USDA  2015 因為亞硝酸鹽超標的回收事件

 B & R Meat Processing, Inc. Recalls Products Due to Nitrite Levels in Excess of Regulatory Limit

 其實 搜尋  Recalls Products Due to Nitrite Levels

 可以找到不少相似的新聞

 

 

 Curr Res Food Sci
. 2023 Feb 24;6:100470. doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100470
Nitrite and nitrate in meat processing: Functions and alternatives

 

 PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

Subpart B - Food Preservatives
Sec. 172.175 Sodium nitrite.

 (3) As a preservative and color fixative, with sodium nitrate, in meat-curing preparations for the home curing of meat and meat products (including poultry and wild game), with directions for use which limit the amount of sodium nitrite to not more than 200 parts per million in the finished meat product, and the amount of sodium nitrate to not more than 500 parts per million in the finished meat product.

美國 FDA 法規也是設定『殘留量』,但像對於台灣 NO2殘留量不超過 70 ppm, 這裡的細節不一樣。 因為台灣只蒜 NO2 (二氧化氮),但是美國是蓮鈉與鉀也算入,這需要另外換算

 

USDA  5 pages  Sausage Operations Equations/Methods/Regulatory Limits (Quick Reference)

 ----阿原要仔細研究裡面的公式----

 

 USDA  133 pages  Sausage Operations 3/9/2020

page 12-14 有 nitrite 的說明

 

 

USDA  138    PROCESSING INSPECTORS' CALCULATIONS HANDBOOK
Revised 1995

很有趣!!

 

  Foods
. 2023 Jul 23;12(14):2793. doi: 10.3390/foods12142793
Assessment of Nitrite Content in Vienna Chicken Sausages Using Near-Infrared  Hyperspectral Imaging

 

 

---------20241205---------------

 

Canada

 Preventive control recommendations on the use of nitrites in the curing of meat products

 

 

 

  Foods
. 2022 Oct 25;11(21):3355. doi: 10.3390/foods11213355
Nitrites in Cured Meats, Health Risk Issues, Alternatives to Nitrites: A Review
Mynul Hasan Shakil 1, Anuva Talukder Trisha 1, Mizanur Rahman 1, Suvro Talukdar 1, Rovina Kobun 2, Nurul Huda 2,*, Wahidu Zzaman 1,*
Editors: Piotr Szymański, Dorota Zielińska, Anna Okoń, Anna Łepecka

 

 Basically, a very small quantity of nitrite is required for the development of the cured color in meats, usually approximately 2–14 ppm []. However, the level of residual nitrite in cured meats gradually decrease owing to oxidation during storage time. As a result, the meat starts to lose its cured color and become faded. Color loss also occurs when meat is exposed to air and light, while the presence of adequate residual nitrite as well as reducing chemicals delay this process []. Usually, 10–15 ppm of residual nitrite is recommended, which can act like a reservoir for the cured meat color regeneration []. On the other side, higher levels of sodium nitrite (>600 ppm/kg of meat) and low pH value may lead to nitrite burn (discoloration) where meat shows a green color due to the formation of nitrihemin, a green-brown pigment [].

 

 

 

 

-------------------------------

20241130 補充

 Michigan State University

Preservatives – Exploring nitrate & nitrite safety

Additionally, the FDA regulates the number of nitrates and nitrites in processed foods, to ensure our exposure to these ingredients remains well within the safe levels.

 

Many companies have created "organic" and "natural" meat products. These products are not allowed to use synthetic ingredients such as nitrates and nitrites per USDA guidelines. However, without nitrate and nitrite preservatives, these products spoil quickly and could cause harm.

 

PART 172FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

  § 172.160 - Potassium nitrate. 

   § 172.170 - Sodium nitrate.

   § 172.175 - Sodium nitrite.

 § 172.177 - Sodium nitrite used in processing smoked chub.

 

----美國法規沒有看到 potassium nitr"i" te

 

  EFSA J
. 2017 Jun 15;15(6):e04786. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4786
Re‐evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives

 

 

------------20241128---------------

 https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications

 


 屬於 2A  (不用怕,第一類中的菸、酒、檳榔、柴油引擎廢氣,是台灣人每天在享用,都沒在怕,2A 算什麼)


 

 -----------

 93年8月(第146期)歐盟蔬菜硝酸鹽限量新規範  行政院衛生署藥物食品檢驗局 鍾仁健、游禎義

 

硝酸鹽及亞硝酸鹽為許多國家核准之食品添加物 (Council Directive 95/2/EC on Food Additives),硝酸鹽使用限量 (以硝酸鉀計) 為50 mg/kg (乳酪製品) ~250 mg/kg (肉類及其製品);在美國,應用於煙燻肉類及煙燻鮭魚其最終成品之硝酸鹽及亞硝酸鹽殘留限量分別為500 ppm及200 ppm;而應用於煙燻鮪魚,其最終成品之亞硝酸鹽限量為10 ppm

在我國,硝酸鹽及亞硝酸鹽添加於肉類品及魚肉製品,用量以NO2殘留量計為0.07 g/kg以下,但生鮮肉類、魚類不得使用。 ---目前只有看到台灣使用NO2 殘留---這一般業者可能無法計算---

 

 

 一、1995年2月20日歐洲國會及議會於食品添加物衛生法規會議 (Directive No 95/2/EC) 制定出硝酸鹽作為保色劑用途之最大殘留量標準;硝酸鹽使用於乳酪,用量為50 mg/kg以下(以硝酸鹽殘留量計);使用於醃製肉製品,用量為250 mg/kg以下(以硝酸鹽殘留量計);大體上,本條例過分估算硝酸鹽用於食物貯存的需求量,因此,未來將予重新評估。最近文獻報告指出,醃製肉類及其製品之硝酸鹽含量平均值大約在10~30 mg/kg範圍,由此可知,食品工業在減少使用硝酸鹽作為添加物所作的努力與貢獻。

  二、歐盟法規委員會於1997年1月制定食品中特定污染物的最大殘留量標準(8)(表1 

 / / ) EC Regulation No. 194/97),本條例制定出菠菜 (spinach) 及萵苣 (lettuce) 之最大硝酸鹽標準,依收成季節之不同而有不同的標準,如表1所示。以新鮮菠菜而言,範圍為2,500~3,000 mg/kg,以萵苣而言,範圍為2,500~4,500 mg/kg,以冷凍 (或凍藏) 之菠菜而言,最大硝酸鹽標準為2,000 mg/kg。

 

 

  European Parliament and Council Directive No 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colours and sweeteners  

 

------------------------------

 
加工肉品添加之硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽危害人體健康,是真的嗎?
| 發布日期:2015-06-25 | 更新日期:2022-11-29 發布單位:企劃及科技管理組



解答:
 

1.   硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽是合法可使用之食品添加物,其功能可抑制肉毒桿菌生長,避免發生食品中毒。----這無法說服阿原,莫非香腸是厭氧的環境。如果是,生活上所有的食物都要添加來預防肉毒桿菌----

 2.   硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽為目前核准的第五類食品添加物,在肉品加工上主要是保持肉品本來鮮豔的紅色以及增加醃漬風味;另外,硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽可抑制厭氧環境下( 如:真空包裝食品) 存在的肉毒桿菌(Clostridium botulinum) 生長之功能,保護消費者免於食品中毒。----是有極少部份的臘肉是真空報裝,但,阿原無法接受--- 

3.    硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽在肉品加工上扮演著重要角色,而在使用範圍及限量上皆有明確的規範( 用量以NO2 殘留量計為0.07g/kg 以下);另外,國內CAS 優良肉品規範中也針對中式香腸等醃漬加工肉品制訂相同之規定,產品均需符合規定。---為何使用 NO2 計算,歐盟跟美國不是使用 NO2---

 4.    建議民眾為常保健康,可多攝取新鮮蔬果,均衡飲食以獲取天然健康的營養素,並且養成良好的運動習慣和多喝水,才是正確的養身之道。----加工產品也是促進經濟,有繳稅,你們公務員才有薪水及退休金,不要忘記這件事----

101 年 11 月 19 日署授食字第 1011903435 號公告
食品中亞硝酸鹽之檢驗方法
Method of Test for Nitrite in Foods----沒有說原理

 -------------------------

國家環境毒物研究中心

 硝酸鹽及亞硝酸鹽
Posted on 2021 年 6 月 4 日 by 網站管理員    -這篇視野比較廣,不會像食品官員或食品老師,目光如豆

---------------

元培醫事科技大學 食品科學系   市售火腿的亞硝酸鹽測定 (壁報論文)

圖片細節很清楚

-----------

AN73987: Determination of nitrite in pharmaceuticals

Determination of Nitrite in Processed Meat

美國 EPA Method 353.2, Revision 2.0:


Determination of Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen by Automated Colorimetry


DETERMINATION OF NITRITE IN PROCESSED MEAT 

DETERMINATION OF NITRITE IN PROCESSED MEAT
Abstract
A meat sample will be analyzed to determine its nitrite, NO2-, content using a
colorimetric procedure. Nitrite reacts with NEDA-Sulfa in acidic solutions to produce a
red colored solution. Comparing the color intensity produced by known concentrations of
nitrite with the color intensity produced by the nitrite in a processed meat sample, the
amount of nitrite in the meat can be determined

 -----------------

 香港的資料,很棒:有原理及反應式,有多個方法的文獻 (ISO, AOAC)

期限量標準是不超過多少 ppm

y Nitrate/Nitrite Testing Methods y Propionic acid .

--------------------

AOAC 973.31  

AOAC 973.31-1996(1997), Nitrites in cured meat. Colorimetric met (官網)


Google translate 是左右格還是上下格?

 

 可以上下兩格

https://translate.google.com/?sl=zh-TW&tl=ja&text=各位夥伴op=translate

https://translate.google.com.tw/?hl=zh-TW&sl=zh-TW&tl=vi&op=translate

https://translate.google.com.tw/?hl=zh-TW&tab=TT&sl=zh-TW&tl=fr&op=translate



 如果搜尋完,就是這麼長的網址

 https://www.google.com/search?q=translate&sca_esv=2f3f099cb60fd416&sxsrf=ADLYWIIidy9xqnzOkqaBoibERLkZPi1RzA%3A1732884237816&source=hp&ei=DbdJZ5nxLoCjvr0PjqXOgAg&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZ0nFHSVMfCP8T3b-Qzx-J2FNBQGGfCkK&ved=0ahUKEwjZq7fryIGKAxWAka8BHY6SE4AQ4dUDCBk&uact=5&oq=translate&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Igl0cmFuc2xhdGUyChAAGIAEGEMYigUyEBAAGIAEGLEDGEMYgwEYigUyCBAAGIAEGMsBMggQABiABBjLATIIEAAYgAQYywEyChAAGIAEGEMYigUyChAAGIAEGEMYigUyChAAGIAEGEMYigUyChAAGIAEGEMYigUyCBAAGIAEGMsBSN0xUO4HWOwucAV4AJABApgB8QKgAesZqgEHMi4wLjcuNLgBA8gBAPgBAZgCDqACjRGoAgrCAgcQIxgnGOoCwgIFEAAYgATCAgYQABgHGB7CAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICERAuGIAEGLEDGNEDGIMBGMcBwgIOEC4YgAQYsQMYgwEYigXCAgsQABiABBixAxiDAcICCBAAGIAEGLEDwgIOEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYigXCAg8QIxiABBgnGIoFGEYY_wGYAwSSBwc3LjAuNC4zoAe8PQ&sclient=gws-wiz

 

 

2024/11/28

筆記:使用 RUFUS 安裝 Windows 10 or WIndow 11

 

不得不低頭,阿原從 2006-02 全面改用 Linux 以來,還是需要低頭,但我不會花時間去抗爭,因為沒有用。

 

 參考資料:

電腦王阿達 三種製作 Windows 10 USB 開機碟的方式!重灌必備,操作簡單

歐飛先生【電腦重灌】Windows 10 系統安裝 (2024年4月更新)

 

 

 

阿原步驟:

1. 準備隨身碟,確定內部資料已經有備份,在 Linux 上,使用 Gparted, format it to FAT32


  2.  在學校使用的電腦,因此使用學校購買的  Win10 ISO 檔 (請教過電腦人員,因為是要上行政系統,阿原要點名,所以建議我使用 Windows 10 而不是 11)

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2024/11/16

20241122, 1128 電台訪問:「三章一Q」食材--有機驗證標章蔬菜 擴大供應校園午餐

  T0: 江易原教授
主題: 「三章一Q」食材


消基會十ㄧ月二十二日媒體宣導節目資料 
(週五)  


A 警廣---Jacky早餐車--08:45~09:00--陳昱豪

B 原住民族--愛分享消費權益知多少10:00~10:30--高筱婷-預錄節目--

C 復興----兩岸生活誌-13:00~13:40---潘宗華
 

消基會十一月二十八日媒體宣導節目資料(週四)

A 教育----思生活有意思-10:05~10:25—李思瑩--提早到11/27 Wed 1410 進行

B 警廣—-消費停看聽----14:30~15:00---Mia

C 警廣—消費加油站----17:00~17:30---珮溶


註 :
1.均為現場(該時段)連線節目。
2.為避免認證標章農產品與一般農產品的差異不易辨識,認清驗證及標章便成為區別的重要課業,也成為各國為食安把關努力、重要環節。究竟驗證標章最主要的目的在那?只是為生產者證明產品合乎標準?或者為協助消費者辨別農產品食安無慮?還是保障生產者及消費者雙方之權益?國內營養午餐制度,推動使用「三章一Q」食材,讓食材在有標章與可溯源,透過QR Code清楚追蹤食品來源,讓家長學子安心、放心享用!只是民眾在上超市、賣場買菜時,也可以看得到「三章一Q」相關產品?政府積極宣導推動的目、期待成效說明。想要吃安心又安全,選購時又該如何辨識「三章」的圖示與瞭解代表的意義及該如何查詢?至於臺灣農產品生產追溯條碼,「一個Q」其所代表的意義及如何查詢?三章一Q標章的共同地方就是可以知道農產品的來源,不過各個標章提供的資訊、允許使用農藥的程度還是會有不一樣?選購時與食用時宜注意事項。呼籲、提醒。詳可參考雜誌P62。

 ---------------------

這兩張圖取自: 臺北市農業主題網-標題:認識三章一Q?

解釋的很清楚



-------------------------

台灣有機農業資訊網

農產品產銷履歷農產品資訊網

農產品產銷履歷制度:臺灣良好農業規範實施及驗證+履歷追溯體系

FB  桃園市政府農業局- 桃園學童營養午餐使用高品質有機蔬菜

2024年11月11日 — 學校營養午餐就是農民、學校、農業局一起達成的 學校營養午餐每週會有三天供應有機蔬菜 讓孩子吃得更安心,家長放心,守護孩子健康 也實現產地到餐桌


Yahoo 中時新聞  桃園 營養午餐農藥殘留 較去年下降 2024-10-21

農業局也說,桃園市是率先全國落實3天有機蔬菜的縣市,因價格高昂,整體的量仍有限,為了融入在地食材,從去年開始每個月都會在營養午餐中加入在地當季特色食材,如前2個月是蓮藕、這個月開始是茭白筍。



113 年度「供應新北市中小學營養午餐4+1 安心蔬菜計畫 

4天產銷履歷蔬菜+1天有機蔬菜

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法規名稱: 有機農產品有機轉型期農產品標示及標章管理辦法 EN
發布日期: 民國 108 年 05 月 09 日
法規類別: 行政 > 農業部 > 農糧目
附檔:







2024/11/13

20241113 與導生分享:多數大學生對多數大學老師沒有利用價值,所以不願意花時間在學生身上,這是歪曲的制度造成

 

 


 

 另外,跟大家聊聊。
2024 上半年,阿原花很多時間準備食品丙級的課程,還好有學生幫忙,不然我打死不會開那門課。

上半年,阿原與三位學生張貼三篇壁報論文在營養年會(可以去看八樓電梯外的壁報)

下半年,已經兩篇參加國健署研討會,還有一篇食科年會月底會發表。

1. 我帶丙級,除了學生,沒有任何人來幫忙,做出成績,但除了學生高興,也把榮耀給系上、給學校(有人知道過程很苦,加上長輩突然有狀況,上半年每個週末,都要回中部協助復健與照顧)
2. 看過我帶學生發表壁報,從研究方法,到寫英文,一字一句帶,各位如果知道台灣任何大學老師作到這樣,請讓我知道,我想認識這樣的人。與學生出壁報,對老師沒有好處(無法升等無法申請經費,只會花老師的時間,沒有老師是笨蛋,因此...就是這樣)

可以參考這部份的影片
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYbbJT636dU&list=PL3GupoHZyzp0z79Er5rzeLYlCQsX1Ce6v
很簡單,教育部及國科會歪曲的政策,讓老師無法多花時間在帶學生,因為這樣的制度,使得多數學生對多數大學老師沒有利用價值(不用幫我截圖,這篇我會公佈在部落格)。
(不包括阿原在外面沒有錢還要花時間的社會服務)上述兩件事情,學校沒有給我任何加薪等好處,我做事,不是為了長官幫我加薪或稱讚,阿原沒有那麼膚淺。
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各位不是笨蛋,阿原也不是笨蛋。
阿原花時間做社會服務,帶學生專題,這樣的好處,後續才會出來(可能要很多年),只是很多博士看不懂。
各位也是,也許系上的共同任務每個人付出的心力不同,但,設法轉成正面的想法,這會引來正面的人與理念。幫系上做事,會有收穫,不用去計較自己花多少時間,別人花多少時間。不過我提醒,既然時間花下去,一定要一魚三吃,這才是阿原傻瓜的特色。誰傻?不用那麼快判定,還沒跑到終點,還不知道。