20231117 近期有業者反應，衛生單位改規定，阿原不懂，也不是官員。
就把這篇叫出來
-----------
台灣疾管署 沙門氏菌症
臨床症狀
一般臨床症狀以急性腸胃炎表現，在感染後約6-48小時會有噁心、嘔吐及下痢等，伴隨發燒及腹部絞痛等症狀，通常發燒72小時內會好轉。嬰兒、老年人或免疫功能低下者症狀通常較嚴重，易因菌血症引發其他嚴重併發症。
台灣疾管署 傷寒
傷寒之病原菌為：Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi。
副傷寒之主要病原菌為：Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A。
臨床症狀
感染傷寒或副傷寒後會出現持續性發燒、頭痛、不適、厭食、腹痛、相對性心律減慢、脾臟腫大、身軀出現紅疹、咳嗽、便秘或腹瀉、淋巴腫大等。傷寒若不治療，可能會造成小腸出血或穿孔；副傷寒之症狀較輕，死亡率也較低。
阿原推薦這篇文章：非傷寒沙門氏菌感染：微生物學、臨床特徵和抗藥性 齊嘉鈺、王怡惠
--------------------------------------------------------
歐盟 CDC Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever
（原文的學名沒有斜體，阿原就不修正）
yphoid and paratyphoid fevers are systemic diseases caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, respectively. Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella typhi (which is the most serious), whereas Salmonella paratyphi also has animal reservoirs. Humans can carry the bacteria in the gut for very long times (chronic carriers), and transmit the bacteria to other persons (either directly or via food or water contamination).
After 1-2 weeks incubation period, a disease characterised by high fever, malaise, cough, rash and enlarged spleen develops. Diarrhoea may be present at some stage. When Salmonella typhi is the cause, intestinal perforation and haemorrhage may occur. Salmonella typhi blood stream infection can also cause infection in all organs. Antibiotic therapy has radically changed the prognosis of typhoid, which, untreated, has a 10% death rate. Preventive measures include good personal and food hygiene. An effective vaccine is also available.
歐盟 CDC Salmonellosis
Enteric infections due to Salmonella bacteria are generally referred to by the term ‘salmonellosis’ when they are due to Salmonella species other than Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi.
Various animals (especially poultry, pigs, cattle, and reptiles) can be reservoirs for Salmonella, and humans generally become infected by eating poorly cooked, contaminated food. The incubation period and the symptoms depend on the amount of bacteria present in the food, the immune status of the person and the type of Salmonella.
In general, 12 to 36 hours after the consumption of contaminated food, a clinical picture characterised by fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting may appear. Symptoms usually last for a few days. Due to the effects of dehydration, hospital admission may sometimes be required. In the elderly and otherwise weak patients death sometimes occurs. Elderly patients are also more prone to developing severe blood infection. In addition, post-infectious complications, such as reactive joint inflammation occur in about 10% of the cases.
Diarrhoea-causing Salmonellae are present worldwide. Prophylactic measures are aimed at all stages of food supply, from production to distribution and consumption.
--------------------------------------
美國 CDC Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever
Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are life-threatening illnesses caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi and Salmonella serotype Paratyphi, respectively.
Most people in the United States with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever become infected while traveling abroad, most often to countries where these diseases are common. If you plan to travel outside of the United States, find out if you need the typhoid fever vaccine at www.cdc.gov/travel.
National Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Surveillance
2018:
- 368 typhoid fever cases were reported by 36 jurisdictions (Figure 1).
- 96 paratyphoid fever cases were reported by 22 jurisdictions (Figure 2).
美國 CDC Salmonella
This website focuses on the types of Salmonella that most commonly cause diarrheal illness. Other types of Salmonella – Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi – cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.
CDC estimates Salmonella bacteria cause about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. Food is the source for most of these illnesses.
- Most people who get ill from Salmonella have diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps.
- Symptoms usually begin 6 hours to 6 days after infection and last 4 to 7 days.
- Most people recover without specific treatment and should not take antibiotics. Antibiotics are typically used only to treat people who have severe illness or who are at risk for it.
- Some people’s illness may be so severe that they need to be hospitalized.
----------------------------------------------------
Salmonella (non-typhoidal) - World Health Organization (WHO)
Salmonella is a gram negative rods genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Within 2 species, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica, over 2500 different serotypes or serovars have been identified to date. Salmonella is a ubiquitous and hardy bacteria that can survive several weeks in a dry environment and several months in water.
This group features Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, the two most important serotypes of Salmonella transmitted from animals to humans in most parts of the world.
The disease
Salmonellosis is a disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella. It is usually characterized by acute onset of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting.
The onset of disease symptoms occurs 6–72 hours (usually 12–36 hours) after ingestion of Salmonella, and illness lasts 2–7 days.
Symptoms of salmonellosis are relatively mild and patients will make a recovery without specific treatment in most cases. However, in some cases, particularly in children and elderly patients, the associated dehydration can become severe and life-threatening.
Although large Salmonella outbreaks usually attract media attention, 60–80% of all salmonellosis cases are not recognized as part of a known outbreak and are classified as sporadic cases, or are not diagnosed as such at all.
Typhoid - World Health Organization (WHO)
Overview
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. Once Salmonella Typhi bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream.
Urbanization and climate change have the potential to increase the global burden of typhoid. In addition, increasing resistance to antibiotic treatment is making it easier for typhoid to spread in communities that lack access to safe drinking water or adequate sanitation.
Symptoms
Salmonella Typhi lives only in humans. Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. Symptoms include prolonged high fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhoea. Some patients may have a rash. Severe cases may lead to serious complications or even death. Typhoid fever can be confirmed through blood testing.
Paratyphoid fever - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals
Paratyphoid fever (together with typhoid fever, collectively known as enteric fever) is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A, B and C. S. Paratyphi A is the most common serovar while Paratyphi C is uncommon. S. Paratyphi A, like S.
Typhi, has adapted to human hosts; it causes similar clinical syndromes
to typhoid, including fevers, chills, abdominal pain, and can be a
life-threatening illness in severe cases.
2004 Diagnostic Real-Time PCR for Detection of Salmonella in Food
2017 Real-Time PCR Method for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Environmental Samples
